دانلود مقاله ترجمه شده کنسر آنال

Introduction

As of 2019, anal cancer has approximately 8300 new cases diagnosed annually and causes approximately 1200 deaths a year. It is a rare cancer that comprises approximately 3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies. 1 The anatomy of the anal canal and histology of the cells within it play a role in guiding diagnosis and determining therapy. Unfortunately, in the United States, women and patients of lower socioeconomic status present with more advanced stages of anal cancer, hence are more likely to die from it than men and patients with a higher socioeconomic status.2 Patients with anal cancer present with a variety of symptoms that frequently are confused with benign anorectal disease, usually hemorrhoids. Rectal bleeding, pain, and pruritus are the most common presenting symptoms. A high index of suspicion is needed in those at high risk for anal cancer, who include patients with untreated human immunodeficiency virus, those who are immunocompromised, men who have sex with men, women with cervical cancer, patients with a history of radiation to the pelvis and rectal region, and people with history of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV has been associated with up to 93% of anal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs).