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Abstract

ALTHOUGH NOT A PRIMARY CENTER for the development of the Ionic order during the 6th century, by 450 B.C. Athens had produced a local form of the Ionic capital with characteristics distinct from those of capitals from Ionia proper. The 6th-century Ionic capitals developed in East Greece and the Aegean islands differ from one another in details from region to region. All, however, share two principal elements: (1) the horizontal volute member, of which each end curls under to form a spiral or volute, and (2) under the volute, the echinus, a torus-shaped piece with a half-round or ovolo profile, decorated first with pendent leaves in relief, and later, by the end of the 6th century, with egg-and-dart. The 5th-century Athenian Ionic capital differs from the eastern examples in two distinct ways. First, the echinus is no longer torus shaped but designed in two degrees. On the earliest examples the lower tier, where the echinus meets the top of the column shaft, has a cyma-reversa profile. On later versions the profile of the bottom tier is more often an ovolo. The second difference lies in the fact that on the Athenian capital the decoration of the echinus surface and other moldings is more often painted than carved.5 The Ionic capital did not develop over a long period on Attic soil or spring into being fully formed in the second quarter of the 5th century. Instead, the 5th-century format of the capital with the new two-tiered echinus appears to have been developed in Athenian sculpture workshops around 500 B.C., at least two decades before it was recognized as a viable alternative to the Doric capital in monumental architecture. The purpose of this study is to explore the origins of the Athenian Ionic capital, to determine its formal and stylistic development in the Archaic period, and to seek an explanation for the change in echinus shape-from torus to two-tiered-that becomes the distinguishing characteristic of the 5th-century Ionic capital in Athens