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The importance of neutrophils in host defense is best demonstrated in hereditary and acquired neutropenias, conditions that place an individual at risk of life-threatening infections. Neutrophils devote their activity mainly to producing oxygen-reactive species, which combine with granule constituents to form very potent microbicidal systems. This was first appreciated in the late 1950s when it was discovered that respiration was not dependent on mitochondria. Through the combined efforts of a number of independent investigators, not only was the identification of the release of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide discovered as a major feature of the cell (Paul and Sbarra 1968; Babior et al. 1973), but also the special location of the unassembled and assembled components of the oxidase were described (reviewed by Heyworth et al. 1999) A much more comprehensive understanding of the biochemistry of the oxidase came through the efforts of Segal and colleagues (1978), who identified a b-type cytochrome which formed a key component of the oxidase system of the cell and which was found to be the defect in some patients who had chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) whose cells failed to generate oxygen radicals and kill some bacteria